Chunking: As the limit of short term memory capacity is usually 7 +- 2, a technique called chunking is sometimes used to increase the amount of information that can be stored. Chunking involves grouping bits of information together so that they are seen as one ‘bit’ of information.
Information that can be ‘chunked’ includes numbers, words, sentences, phrases, abbreviations, etc.
Despite chunking, for information to be remembered it needs to be transferred to long term memory. If the information is not rehearsed it will succumb to decay (not being used) or displacement (being pushed out).
Rehearsal: The duration of STM is 18 to 20 seconds, however, this can be lengthened by using rehearsal. Rehearsal is the process of actively manipulating information so that it can be retained in memory. There are two main types: Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.
Maintenance Rehearsal: Involves repeating the information over and over again to retain it in short term memory. It can be verbal (uses words) or non verbal (uses visual or spatial information).
Verbal: Maintenance rehearsal can be vocally (out loud) or sub-vocally (in your head).
Non Verbal: Retain the image in your mind once you have seen it.
· Does not always lead to long term retention as it does not assist in encoding information for LTM.
· For more effective transfer of information from STM to LTM, elaborative rehearsal is used.
Elaborative Rehearsal: Process of linking new information in a meaningful way with information already stored in memory or with other new information, to aid in its storage and retrieval from LTM.
· Is able to assist in encoding information so that it may transfer to LTM.
Self Reference Effect: When new information to be remembered is linked to personal experiences and personal situations to enhance encoding and aid retention.
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